???? ??:?? ????? ??:?? ??? ???????: ? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ??????? %??Deire Gachin Caravansarai The transfer of a Hadith transmitter from Kufa to Qom, which came about in all probability in the course of the ninth century, implies the elevated value of Qom to be a center of Shia learning. At with regards to the same time another military services a

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Town's taxation must be distinguished in between the greater right rule from the Abbasid tax bureaucracy and some time in the Deylamid warlords where policies were being bent arbitrarily. A surprising range of taxes is known (often meant to serve the Abbasid bureaucracy and also the Deylamid and Buyid war machinery) nevertheless the Karaj (land tax

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